Traffic-rate based branch deactivation for UE power efficiency in a dual-connectivity mode

ABSTRACT

A user equipment (UE) device may reside in a state of dual connectivity with a master cell group (MCG) and a secondary cell group (SCG), wherein the radio access technologies of the MCG and the SCG are different. While in the dual connectivity state, the UE device may transition to a mode of reduced activity (e.g., processing and/or RF activity) relative to the secondary cell group (SCG) in order to save power, e.g., when traffic flow via the SCG is below a threshold, or when scheduling activity on the SCG is low. Various mechanisms may be employed to reduce activity, e.g., mechanisms such as reduction of beam monitoring, deactivation of secondary cells of the SCG, reduction of number of active antenna elements, employment of longer periods for periodic measurement and reporting processes, etc.

PRIORITY CLAIM INFORMATION

This application is a national stage application of InternationalApplication No. PCT/CN2019/100811, filed on Aug. 15, 2019, titled“Traffic-Rate Based Branch Deactivation for UE Power Efficiency in aDual-Connectivity Mode”, which is hereby incorporated by reference inits entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to the field of wireless communication,and more particularly, to mechanisms enabling a user equipment device ina state of dual connectivity to conserve power by reducing basebandand/or radio activity relative to a secondary cell group (SCG).

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

A user equipment (UE) device may operate in a state of dual connectivitywith a master node and a secondary node, wherein the master node andsecondary node correspond to different radio access technologies. If thetraffic rate on the connection with the secondary node is small, it maybe a waste of power to perform processing activity relating to thesecondary node, e.g., processing activity such as beam tracking,reference signal monitoring, control channel monitoring, referencesignal transmission, especially in the case where the secondary node isconfigured for carrier aggregation. Thus, there exists a need formechanisms capable of decreasing the processing burden on the UE devicewhen traffic rate on the secondary node is small.

SUMMARY

In one set of embodiments, a method for operating a wireless userequipment (UE) device may be performed as follows.

While the wireless UE device is in a state of dual connectivity to amaster node and a secondary node, the wireless UE device may enter amode wherein activity of the UE device with respect to the secondarynode is reduced relative to activity with respect to a primary cell ofthe secondary node. (Activity of the UE device relative to secondarycells of the secondary node may be terminated.) The master node maycorrespond to a first radio access technology; and the secondary nodemay correspond to a second radio access technology different from thefirst radio access technology.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the UE device may performcell measurement and reporting relative to the primary cell of thesecondary node, with longer cycle than prior to entering said mode.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the UE device may performbeam tracking relative to the primary cell of the secondary node, withlonger cycle than prior to entering said mode.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the UE device may reportinformation regarding channel quality relative to the primary cell ofthe secondary node, with longer cycle than prior to entering said mode.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the UE device may performtransmissions of sounding reference signals (SRSs) to the primary cellof the secondary node, with longer cycle than prior to entering saidmode.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the UE device mayterminate monitoring of a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) ofthe primary cell of the secondary node.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the UE device mayterminate monitoring of a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) ofthe primary cell of the secondary node. In some embodiments, uponentering said mode, the UE device may disable transmission on a PhysicalUplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) associated with the secondary node (e.g.,a primary component carrier.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the UE device mayterminate measurements related to radio link monitoring (RLM) withrespect to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, said mode is entered in response to a command fromthe master node or the secondary node. The command may be received aspart of a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message, or as part of a MediumAccess Control (MAC) Control Element, or as part of downlink controlinformation (DCI).

In some embodiments, the UE device may start an inactivity timer inresponse to receiving uplink and/or downlink scheduling with respect tothe secondary node. In response to receiving additional uplink and/ordownlink scheduling with respect to the secondary node while theinactivity timer is running, the UE device may restart the inactivitytimer. The above described mode may be entered in response to expirationof the inactivity timer.

In some embodiments, the UE device may start a timer in response todetermining that a traffic rate relating to data communication with thesecondary node is less than a threshold. In response to determining thata subsequent traffic rate relating to data communication with thesecondary node is greater than the threshold, the UE device may stop thetimer. The above described mode may be entered in response to expirationof the timer.

In some embodiments, after having entered said mode, the UE device maytransmit a scheduling request to the secondary node in response todetermining that an amount of data to be transmitted to the secondarynode is greater than a threshold

In some embodiments, the master node may be an eNB conforming to 3GPPLong Term Evolution (LTE) specifications; and the secondary node may bea gNB conforming to 5G New Radio (NR) specifications.

In one set of embodiments, a method for operating a wireless UE devicemay be performed as follows.

While the wireless UE device is in a state of dual connectivity to amaster node and a secondary node, the UE device may transmit a trafficthreshold, wherein the traffic threshold represents a boundary between(a) traffic rates sufficiently small so that reduction in activityrelative to the secondary node is recommended and (b) traffic ratessufficiently large so that reduction in activity relative to thesecondary node is not recommended. (The master node may correspond to afirst radio access technology; and the secondary node may correspond toa second radio access technology different from the first radio accesstechnology.) The UE device may then receive a message directing the UEdevice to enter of mode of reduced activity relative to the secondarynode from the master node or the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the traffic threshold may be transmitted to themaster node.

In some embodiments, the UE device may enter into said mode of reducedactivity relative to the secondary node in response to receiving theabove described message.

In some embodiments, the traffic threshold may be determined based onone or more factors, wherein the one or more factors. For example, theone or more factors may include mobility of the wireless UE device. Asanother example, the one or more factors may include condition of the RFchannel relative to the secondary node. As yet another example, the oneor more factors may include a configuration of the UE device withrespect to a radio access technology (RAT) corresponding to the masternode. As yet another example, the one or more factors may include aconfiguration of the UE device with respect to a radio access technology(RAT) corresponding to the secondary node.

In one set of embodiments, a method for operating a wireless userequipment (UE) device may be performed as follows.

While the wireless UE device is in a state of dual connectivity to amaster node and a secondary node, the UE device may: transmit an eventreport to the master node or the secondary node, wherein the eventreport indicates that uplink traffic from the UE device to the secondarynode is expected to be less than a traffic threshold; and receive acommand from the master node or the secondary node. (The master node maycorrespond to a first radio access technology; and the secondary nodemay correspond to a second radio access technology different from thefirst radio access technology.) The command may direct the UE device toreduce activity relative to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the UE device may receive a message that enablesthe UE device to generate and transmit the event report.

In one set of embodiments, a method for operating a wireless userequipment (UE) device may be performed as follows.

While the wireless UE device is in a state of dual connectivity to amaster node and a secondary node, the UE device may: receive a messagedirecting the UE device to reduce activity relative to the secondarynode; and reduce said activity of the UE device relative to thesecondary node in response to receiving the message. The master node maycorrespond to a first radio access technology; and the secondary nodemay correspond to a second radio access technology different from thefirst radio access technology.

In some embodiments, said reduction of activity includes one or more of:reduction of monitoring of downlink control information (DCI) relativeto the secondary node; reduction of beam management operations relativeto the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing activity may includechanging a bandwidth part (BWP) associated with the UE device to reducea search space for said downlink control information.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing activity may includechanging a discontinuous reception cycle (DRX) so that DRX wakeup isless frequent.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing activity may includesuspending an action of monitoring for Downlink Control Information(DCI) at least for a period of time.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing activity may includemonitoring a subset of reference signals for beam management withrespect to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing activity may includesuspending or reducing reporting related to beam management with respectto the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing activity may includesuspending or reducing uplink beam management with respect to thesecondary node.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing activity may includeoperating in a signal panel only mode with respect to the secondarynode.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A better understanding of the present subject matter can be obtainedwhen the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment isconsidered in conjunction with the following drawings.

FIGS. 1-2 illustrate examples of wireless communication systems,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a base station in communication with auser equipment device, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a block diagram of a user equipmentdevice, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a block diagram of a base station,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a user equipment 600, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a base station 700, according to someembodiments. The base station 700 may be used to communicate with userequipment 600 of FIG. 6 .

FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrates examples of methods enabling a userequipment to autonomously deactivate and/or activate a NR branch ofcommunications (e.g., for power savings in a dual connectivity mode),according to some embodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a method for deactivating and/oractivating a secondary cell group (SCG) via a master node in a dualconnectivity scenario, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a method for deactivating and/oractivating a secondary cell group via a secondary node in a dualconnectivity scenario, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a method for implicitly deactivating asecondary cell group using a scheduling-based timer, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a method for implicitly deactivating asecondary cell group using a timer based on amount of data to betransmitted, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a method for implicitly activating asecondary cell group in response to availability of uplink data (to betransmitted by the user equipment), according to some embodiments.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a method for implicitly activating asecondary cell group in response to determining that an amount of uplinkdata available for transmission by the user equipment is greater than agiven threshold, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a method for reducing activity of asecondary cell group while a user equipment is in a mode of dualconnectivity with a master node and a secondary node, according to someembodiments. (The secondary node hosts or provides the secondary cellgroup for the UE.)

FIG. 16 is a mathematical derivation of a traffic rate threshold that isuseable determine when transmission via one radio access technology isfavored over transmission via another radio access technology, accordingto some embodiments.

FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a method for transmitting trafficthreshold information from a user equipment to a network, enabling thenetwork to determine when the user equipment would benefit from areduction in activity on a secondary cell group, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a method for recommending reduction ofactivity on a secondary cell group by transmitting an event report to anetwork, according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 19A and 19B illustrate examples of methods for reducing basebandand/or RF activity on a New Radio branch based on signaling receivedfrom a network, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 20 illustrates an example of waking up a New Radio branch after theNew Radio branch has entered a power saving mode, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a method enabling a user equipment toreducing activity with respect to a secondary cell group in response toan explicit message from a network, according to some embodiments.

While the features described herein are susceptible to variousmodifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof areshown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described indetail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detaileddescription thereto are not intended to be limiting to the particularform disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover allmodifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spiritand scope of the subject matter as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Acronyms

The following acronyms are used in this disclosure.

3GPP: Third Generation Partnership Project

3GPP2: Third Generation Partnership Project 2

5G NR: 5^(th) Generation New Radio

BW: Bandwidth

BWP: Bandwidth Part

CA: Carrier Aggregation

C-DRX: Connected DRX

CQI: Channel Quality Indictor

CSI: Channel State Information

DC: Dual Connectivity

DCI: Downlink Control Information

DL: Downlink

DRX: Discontinuous Reception Cycle

eNB (or eNodeB): Evolved Node B, i.e., the base station of 3GPP LTE

EN-DC: E-UTRA NR Dual Connectivity

eUICC: embedded UICC

gNB (or gNodeB): next Generation NodeB, i.e., the base station of 5G NR

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications

HARQ: Hybrid ARQ

LTE: Long Term Evolution

LTE-A: LTE-Advanced

MAC: Medium Access Control

MAC-CE: MAC Control Element

MBMS: Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

MCG: Master Cell Group

MCS: Modulation & Coding Scheme

MO: Mobile Originated

MR-DC: Multi-RAT DC

MT: Mobile Terminated

NR: New Radio

NR-DC: NR Dual Connectivity

NW: Network

RACH: Random Access Channel

RAT: Radio Access Technology

RLC: Radio Link Control

RLF: Radio Link Failure

RLM: Radio Link Monitoring

RRC: Radio Resource Control

RRM: Radio Resource Management

RS: Reference Signal

SCG: Secondary Cell Group

SR: Scheduling Request

-   -   SRS: Sounding Reference Signal    -   SSB: Synchronization Signal Block    -   UE: User Equipment    -   UL: Uplink    -   UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System        Terms

The following is a glossary of terms used in this disclosure:

Memory Medium—Any of various types of memory devices or storage devices.The term “memory medium” is intended to include an installation medium,e.g., a CD-ROM, floppy disks, or tape device; a computer system memoryor random access memory such as DRAM, DDR RAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, RambusRAM, etc.; a non-volatile memory such as a Flash, magnetic media, e.g.,a hard drive, or optical storage; registers, or other similar types ofmemory elements, etc. The memory medium may include other types ofmemory as well or combinations thereof. In addition, the memory mediummay be located in a first computer system in which the programs areexecuted, or may be located in a second different computer system whichconnects to the first computer system over a network, such as theInternet. In the latter instance, the second computer system may provideprogram instructions to the first computer for execution. The term“memory medium” may include two or more memory mediums which may residein different locations, e.g., in different computer systems that areconnected over a network. The memory medium may store programinstructions (e.g., embodied as computer programs) that may be executedby one or more processors.

Carrier Medium—a memory medium as described above, as well as a physicaltransmission medium, such as a bus, network, and/or other physicaltransmission medium that conveys signals such as electrical,electromagnetic, or digital signals.

Programmable Hardware Element—includes various hardware devicescomprising multiple programmable function blocks connected via aprogrammable interconnect. Examples include FPGAs (Field ProgrammableGate Arrays), PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices), FPOAs (FieldProgrammable Object Arrays), and CPLDs (Complex PLDs). The programmablefunction blocks may range from fine grained (combinatorial logic or lookup tables) to coarse grained (arithmetic logic units or processorcores). A programmable hardware element may also be referred to as“reconfigurable logic”.

Computer System—any of various types of computing or processing systems,including a personal computer system (PC), mainframe computer system,workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digitalassistant (PDA), personal communication device, smart phone, televisionsystem, grid computing system, or other device or combinations ofdevices. In general, the term “computer system” can be broadly definedto encompass any device (or combination of devices) having at least oneprocessor that executes instructions from a memory medium.

User Equipment (UE) (or “UE Device”)—any of various types of computersystems devices which are mobile or portable and which performs wirelesscommunications. Examples of UE devices include mobile telephones orsmart phones (e.g., iPhone™, Android™-based phones), portable gamingdevices (e.g., Nintendo DS™ PlayStation Portable™, Gameboy Advance™,iPhone™), wearable devices (e.g., smart watch, smart glasses), laptops,PDAs, portable Internet devices, music players, data storage devices, orother handheld devices, etc. In general, the term “UE” or “UE device”can be broadly defined to encompass any electronic, computing, and/ortelecommunications device (or combination of devices) which is easilytransported by a user and capable of wireless communication.

Base Station—The term “Base Station” has the full breadth of itsordinary meaning, and at least includes a wireless communication stationinstalled at a fixed location and used to communicate as part of awireless telephone system or radio system.

Processing Element—refers to any of various elements or combinations ofelements. Processing elements include, for example, circuits such as anASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), portions or circuits ofindividual processor cores, entire processor cores, individualprocessors, programmable hardware devices such as a field programmablegate array (FPGA), and/or larger portions of systems that includemultiple processors.

Automatically—refers to an action or operation performed by a computersystem (e.g., software executed by the computer system) or device (e.g.,circuitry, programmable hardware elements, ASICs, etc.), without userinput directly specifying or performing the action or operation. Thusthe term “automatically” is in contrast to an operation being manuallyperformed or specified by the user, where the user provides input todirectly perform the operation. An automatic procedure may be initiatedby input provided by the user, but the subsequent actions that areperformed “automatically” are not specified by the user, i.e., are notperformed “manually”, where the user specifies each action to perform.For example, a user filling out an electronic form by selecting eachfield and providing input specifying information (e.g., by typinginformation, selecting check boxes, radio selections, etc.) is fillingout the form manually, even though the computer system must update theform in response to the user actions. The form may be automaticallyfilled out by the computer system where the computer system (e.g.,software executing on the computer system) analyzes the fields of theform and fills in the form without any user input specifying the answersto the fields. As indicated above, the user may invoke the automaticfilling of the form, but is not involved in the actual filling of theform (e.g., the user is not manually specifying answers to fields butrather they are being automatically completed). The presentspecification provides various examples of operations beingautomatically performed in response to actions the user has taken.

FIGS. 1-3 : Communication System

FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate exemplary (and simplified) wirelesscommunication systems. It is noted that the systems of FIGS. 1 and 2 aremerely examples of certain possible systems, and various embodiments maybe implemented in any of various ways, as desired.

The wireless communication system of FIG. 1 includes a base station 102Awhich communicates over a transmission medium with one or more userequipment (UE) devices 106A, 106B, etc., through 106N. Each of the userequipment devices may be referred to herein as “user equipment” (UE). Inthe wireless communication system of FIG. 2 , in addition to the basestation 102A, base station 102B also communicates (e.g., simultaneouslyor concurrently) over a transmission medium with the UE devices 106A,106B, etc., through 106N.

The base stations 102A and 102B may be base transceiver stations (BTSs)or cell sites, and may include hardware that enables wirelesscommunication with the user devices 106A through 106N. Each base station102 may also be equipped to communicate with a core network 100 (e.g.,base station 102A may be coupled to core network 100A, while basestation 102B may be coupled to core network 100B), which may be a corenetwork of a cellular service provider. Each core network 100 may becoupled to one or more external networks (such as external network 108),which may include the Internet, a Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN), or any other network. Thus, the base station 102A may facilitatecommunication between the user devices and/or between the user devicesand the network 100A; in the system of FIG. 2 , the base station 102Bmay facilitate communication between the user devices and/or between theuser devices and the network 100B.

The base stations 102A and 102B and the user devices may be configuredto communicate over the transmission medium using any of various radioaccess technologies (RATs), also referred to as wireless communicationtechnologies, or telecommunication standards, such as GSM, UMTS (WCDMA),LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1×RTT, 1×EV-DO, HRPD,eHRPD), Wi-Fi, WiMAX etc.

For example, base station 102A and core network 100A may operateaccording to a first cellular communication standard (e.g., LTE) whilebase station 102B and core network 100B operate according to a second(e.g., different) cellular communication standard (e.g., GSM, UMTS,and/or one or more CDMA2000 cellular communication standards). The twonetworks may be controlled by the same network operator (e.g., cellularservice provider or “carrier”), or by different network operators. Inaddition, the two networks may be operated independently of one another(e.g., if they operate according to different cellular communicationstandards), or may be operated in a somewhat coupled or tightly coupledmanner.

Note also that while two different networks may be used to support twodifferent cellular communication technologies, such as illustrated inthe network configuration shown in FIG. 2 , other network configurationsimplementing multiple cellular communication technologies are alsopossible. As one example, base stations 102A and 102B might operateaccording to different cellular communication standards but couple tothe same core network. As another example, multi-mode base stationscapable of simultaneously supporting different cellular communicationtechnologies (e.g., LTE and CDMA 1×RTT, GSM and UMTS, or any othercombination of cellular communication technologies) might be coupled toa core network that also supports the different cellular communicationtechnologies. Any of various other network deployment scenarios are alsopossible.

As a further possibility, it is also possible that base station 102A andbase station 102B may operate according to the same wirelesscommunication technology (or an overlapping set of wirelesscommunication technologies). For example, base station 102A and corenetwork 100A may be operated by one cellular service providerindependently of base station 102B and core network 100B, which may beoperated by a different (e.g., competing) cellular service provider.Thus in this case, despite utilizing similar and possibly compatiblecellular communication technologies, the UE devices 106A-106N mightcommunicate with the base stations 102A-102B independently, possibly byutilizing separate subscriber identities to communicate with differentcarriers' networks.

A UE 106 may be capable of communicating using multiple wirelesscommunication standards. For example, a UE 106 might be configured tocommunicate using either or both of a 3GPP cellular communicationstandard (such as LTE) or a 3GPP2 cellular communication standard (suchas a cellular communication standard in the CDMA2000 family of cellularcommunication standards). As another example, a UE 106 might beconfigured to communicate using different 3GPP cellular communicationstandards (such as two or more of GSM, UMTS, LTE, or LTE-A). Thus, asnoted above, a UE 106 might be configured to communicate with basestation 102A (and/or other base stations) according to a first cellularcommunication standard (e.g., LTE) and might also be configured tocommunicate with base station 102B (and/or other base stations)according to a second cellular communication standard (e.g., one or moreCDMA2000 cellular communication standards, UMTS, GSM, etc.).

Base stations 102A and 102B and other base stations operating accordingto the same or different cellular communication standards may thus beprovided as one or more networks of cells, which may provide continuousor nearly continuous overlapping service to UEs 106A-106N and similardevices over a wide geographic area via one or more cellularcommunication standards.

A UE 106 might also or alternatively be configured to communicate usingWLAN, Bluetooth, one or more global navigational satellite systems(GNSS, e.g., GPS or GLONASS), one and/or more mobile televisionbroadcasting standards (e.g., ATSC-M/H or DVB-H), etc. Othercombinations of wireless communication standards (including more thantwo wireless communication standards) are also possible.

FIG. 3 illustrates user equipment 106 (e.g., one of the devices 106Athrough 106N) in communication with a base station 102 (e.g., one of thebase stations 102A or 102B). The UE 106 may be a device with wirelessnetwork connectivity such as a mobile phone, a hand-held device, acomputer or a tablet, a wearable device or virtually any type ofwireless device.

The UE may include a processor that is configured to execute programinstructions stored in memory. The UE may perform any of the methodembodiments described herein by executing such stored instructions.Alternatively, or in addition, the UE may include a programmablehardware element such as an FPGA (field-programmable gate array) that isconfigured to perform any of the method embodiments described herein, orany portion of any of the method embodiments described herein.

The UE 106 may be configured to communicate using any of multiplewireless communication protocols. For example, the UE 106 may beconfigured to communicate using two or more of GSM, UMTS (W-CDMA,TD-SCDMA, etc.), CDMA2000 (1×RTT, 1×EV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD, etc.), LTE,LTE-A, WLAN, or GNSS. Other combinations of wireless communicationstandards are also possible.

The UE 106 may include one or more antennas for communicating using oneor more wireless communication protocols. Within the UE 106, one or moreparts of a receive and/or transmit chain may be shared between multiplewireless communication standards; for example, the UE 106 might beconfigured to communicate using either (or both) of GSM or LTE using asingle shared radio. The shared radio may include a single antenna, ormay include multiple antennas (e.g., for MIMO or beamforming) forperforming wireless communications. MIMO is an acronym for Multi-InputMultiple-Output.

FIG. 4 —Example of Block Diagram of a UE

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a block diagram of a UE 106. As shown,the UE 106 may include a system on chip (SOC) 300, which may includeportions for various purposes. For example, as shown, the SOC 300 mayinclude processor(s) 302 which may execute program instructions for theUE 106 and display circuitry 304 which may perform graphics processingand provide display signals to the display 345. The processor(s) 302 mayalso be coupled to memory management unit (MMU) 340, which may beconfigured to receive addresses from the processor(s) 302 and translatethose addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory 306, read onlymemory (ROM) 350, NAND flash memory 310) and/or to other circuits ordevices, such as the display circuitry 304, radio 330, connector I/F320, and/or display 345. The MMU 340 may be configured to perform memoryprotection and page table translation or set up. In some embodiments,the MMU 340 may be included as a portion of the processor(s) 302.

As shown, the SOC 300 may be coupled to various other circuits of the UE106. For example, the UE 106 may include various types of memory (e.g.,including Flash memory 310), a connector interface 320 (e.g., forcoupling to a computer system, dock, charging station, etc.), thedisplay 345, and radio 330.

The radio 330 may include one or more RF chains. Each RF chain mayinclude a transmit chain, a receive chain, or both. For example, radio330 may include two RF chains to support dual connectivity with two basestations (or two cells). The radio may be configured to support wirelesscommunication according to one or more wireless communication standards,e.g., one or more of GSM, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, WCDMA, CDMA2000, Bluetooth,Wi-Fi, GPS, etc.

The radio 330 couples to antenna subsystem 335, which includes one ormore antennas. For example, the antenna subsystem 335 may include aplurality of antennas to support applications such as dual connectivityor MIMO or beamforming. The antenna subsystem 335 transmits and receivesradio signals to/from one or more base stations or devices through theradio propagation medium, which is typically the atmosphere.

In some embodiments, the processor(s) 302 may include a basebandprocessor to generate uplink baseband signals and/or to process downlinkbaseband signals. The processor(s) 302 may be configured to perform dataprocessing according to one or more wireless telecommunicationstandards, e.g., one or more of GSM, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, WCDMA, CDMA2000,Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, etc.

The UE 106 may also include one or more user interface elements. Theuser interface elements may include any of various elements, such asdisplay 345 (which may be a touchscreen display), a keyboard (which maybe a discrete keyboard or may be implemented as part of a touchscreendisplay), a mouse, a microphone and/or speakers, one or more cameras,one or more sensors, one or more buttons, sliders, and/or dials, and/orany of various other elements capable of providing information to a userand/or receiving/interpreting user input.

As shown, the UE 106 may also include one or more subscriber identitymodules (SIMs) 360. Each of the one or more SIMs may be implemented asan embedded SIM (eSIM), in which case the SIM may be implemented indevice hardware and/or software. For example, in some embodiments, theUE 106 may include an embedded UICC (eUICC), e.g., a device which isbuilt into the UE 106 and is not removable. The eUICC may beprogrammable, such that one or more eSIMs may be implemented on theeUICC. In other embodiments, the eSIM may be installed in UE 106software, e.g., as program instructions stored on a memory medium (suchas memory 306 or Flash 310) executing on a processor (such as processor302) in the UE 106. As one example, a SIM 360 may be an applicationwhich executes on a Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC).Alternatively, or in addition, one or more of the SIMs 360 may beimplemented as removeable SIM cards.

The processor 302 of the UE device 106 may be configured to implementpart or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing programinstructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitorycomputer-readable memory medium). In other embodiments, processor 302may be configured as or include: a programmable hardware element, suchas an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array); or an ASIC (ApplicationSpecific Integrated Circuit); or a combination thereof.

FIG. 5 —Example of a Base Station

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a base station 102. It is notedthat the base station of FIG. 5 is merely one example of a possible basestation. As shown, the base station 102 may include processor(s) 404which may execute program instructions for the base station 102. Theprocessor(s) 404 may also be coupled to memory management unit (MMU)440, which may be configured to receive addresses from the processor(s)404 and translate those addresses to locations in memory (e.g., memory460 and read only memory ROM 450) or to other circuits or devices.

The base station 102 may include at least one network port 470. Thenetwork port 470 may be configured to couple to a telephone network andprovide access (for a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 106) tothe telephone network, as described above in FIGS. 1 and 2 .

The network port 470 (or an additional network port) may also oralternatively be configured to couple to a cellular network, e.g., acore network of a cellular service provider. The core network mayprovide mobility related services and/or other services to a pluralityof devices, such as UE devices 106. In some cases, the network port 470may couple to a telephone network via the core network, and/or the corenetwork may provide a telephone network (e.g., among other UE devicesserviced by the cellular service provider).

The base station 102 may include a radio 430 having one or more RFchains. Each RF chain may include a transmit chain, a receive chain, orboth. (For example, the base station 102 may include at least one RFchain per sector or cell.) The radio 430 couples to antenna subsystem434, which includes one or more antennas. Multiple antennas would beneeded, e.g., to support applications such as MIMO or beamforming. Theantenna subsystem 434 transmits and receives radio signals to/from UEsthrough the radio propagation medium (typically the atmosphere).

In some embodiments, the processor(s) 404 may include a basebandprocessor to generate downlink baseband signals and/or to process uplinkbaseband signals. The baseband processor 430 may be configured tooperate according to one or more wireless telecommunication standards,including, but not limited to, GSM, LTE, WCDMA, CDMA2000, etc.

The processor(s) 404 of the base station 102 may be configured toimplement part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., byexecuting program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., anon-transitory computer-readable memory medium). In some embodiments,the processor(s) 404 may include: a programmable hardware element, suchas an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array); or an ASIC (ApplicationSpecific Integrated Circuit); or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, a wireless user equipment (UE) device 600 may beconfigured as shown in FIG. 6 . UE device 600 may include: a radiosubsystem 605 for performing wireless communication; and a processingelement 610 operatively coupled to the radio subsystem. (UE device 600may also include any subset of the UE features described above, e.g., inconnection with FIGS. 1-4 .)

The radio subsystem 605 may include one or more RF chains, e.g., asvariously described above. Each RF chain may be configured to receivesignals from the radio propagation channel and/or transmit signals ontothe radio propagation channel. Thus, each RF chain may include atransmit chain and/or a receive chain. The radio subsystem 605 may becoupled to one or more antennas (or arrays of antennas) to facilitatesignal transmission and reception. Each RF chain (or, some of the RFchains) may be tunable to a desired frequency, thus allowing the RFchain to receive or transmit at different frequencies at differenttimes.

The processing element 610 may be coupled to the radio subsystem, andmay be configured as variously described above. (For example, processingelement may be realized by processor(s) 302.) The processing element maybe configured to control the state of each RF chain in the radiosubsystem.

In some embodiments, the processing element may include one or morebaseband processors to (a) generate baseband signals to be transmittedby the radio subsystem and/or (b) process baseband signals provided bythe radio subsystem.

In a dual connectivity mode of operation, the processing element maydirect a first RF chain to communicate with a first base station using afirst radio access technology and direct a second RF chain tocommunicate with a second base station using a second radio accesstechnology. For example, the first RF chain may communicate with an LTEeNB, and the second RF chain may communicate with a gNB of 5G New Radio(NR). The link with the LTE eNB may be referred to as the LTE branch.The link with the gNB may be referred to as the NR branch. In someembodiments, the processing element may include a first subcircuit forbaseband processing with respect to the LTE branch and a secondsubcircuit for baseband processing with respect to the NR branch.

The processing element 610 may be further configured as variouslydescribed in the sections below.

In some embodiments, a wireless base station 700 of a wireless network(not shown) may be configured as shown in FIG. 7 . The wireless basestation may include: a radio subsystem 705 for performing wirelesscommunication over a radio propagation channel; and a processing element710 operatively coupled to the radio subsystem. (The wireless basestation may also include any subset of the base station featuresdescribed above, e.g., the features described above in connection withFIG. 5 .)

The radio subsystem 710 may include one or more RF chains. Each RF chainmay be tunable to a desired frequency, thus allowing the RF chain toreceive or transmit at different frequencies at different times.

The processing element 710 may be realized as variously described above.For example, in one embodiment, processing element 710 may be realizedby processor(s) 404. In some embodiments, the processing element mayinclude one or more baseband processors to: (a) generate basebandsignals to be transmitted by the radio subsystem, and/or, (b) processbaseband signals provided by the radio subsystem.

The processing element 710 may be configured to perform any of the basestation method embodiments described herein.

In some embodiments, for the non-standalone (NSA) scenario with EN-DCsetup, an LTE cell may instruct the user equipment (UE) to add andactivate a New Radio (NR) branch when a B1 measurement report (based onthe UE's observation) is received from the UE. EN-DC is an acronym forE-UTRAN New Radio-Dual Connectivity.

In some embodiments, the NR branch in the NSA scenario may stay activeuntil the LTE branch moves to the RRC idle state; even when there is nodata flow present, the NR branch may remain configured; the NR branchmay not include the capability for Connected Mode DiscontinuousReception (CDRX). From the point of view of power consumption, keepingthe NR branch active with sporadic data flow or no data flow is notefficient in the NSA scenario.

While the NR branch is active, the UE may perform a number of powerconsuming activities on the NR branch, e.g., activities such as thefollowing. The UE conducts RRM measurements and reports periodicfeedback of channel state information (CSI), e.g., feedback of SSBresource index and CSI resource index. (RRM is an acronym for RadioResource Management. SSB is an acronym for Synchronization SignalBlock.) The UE decodes the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)with CORESET/search space configured. The UE performs periodic beamtracking and management, to maintain the link and/or mobility. Even if along CDRX were configured on the NR branch, the UE may still need towake up for beam tracking during the CDRX off period, to deal with UErotation or movement. Thus, a policy of keeping the NR branch activeeven when data flow is small or sporadic may cause unnecessary batterywaste and have a thermal impact on circuitry of the UE. Therefore, itmay be desirable for the UE to be able to request or suggestde-configuration (or RRC state change) of the NR branch.

In some embodiments, the UE may be capable of performing connected modediscontinuous reception (CDRX) only on the LTE branch, not on the NRbranch. In other embodiments, both the LTE branch and the NR branch arecapable of performing CDRX, e.g., with the same or different DRX cyclevalues.

In some embodiments, the network may configure the NR branch of the UEto issue an event B1 report when the UE measures the NR serving cell atgreater than −105 dBm. Once configured, the NR branch may remain activeuntil the RF condition on the NR branch becomes very poor (e.g.,approximately −120 dBm). Thus, it would be advantageous for the UE to beable to request removal or deactivation of the NR branch even when theRF condition is adequate, e.g., when user data flow is slow or sporadic.

In some embodiments, the UE may be configured to perform carrieraggregation (CA) on the NR branch. For example, 4 CA is one of thespecified modes allowed in the 5G New Radio specifications. (4 CAinvolves the aggregation of four component carriers.) While the NRbranch is active, the UE may report (e.g., periodically report) thequality of synchronization signal block (SSB) and CSI reference signalsfor all four of the CA carriers on the NR branch. Similar observationsmay hold for other modes of carrier aggregation, e.g., having differentnumbers of component carriers.

Therefore, if an NSA-capable UE is not equipped with a mechanism forrequesting deactivation of the NR branch (or, of requesting thereduction of activity on the NR branch), it may consume significantlymore power than an LTE-only UE when both are accessing bursty traffic,with no significant gains in performance.

UE Autonomous NR Activation/Deactivation for Power Saving in EN-DC

In some embodiments, for better utilization of the New Radio (NR) branchin EN-DC mode, the user equipment (UE) may send event B1 report onlywhen signal condition on the NR branch are sufficiently good and trafficon the NR branch is sufficiently high. (EN-DC is an acronym for E-UTRANNew Radio—Dual Connectivity.) This is a novel use of the event B1report. The event B1 report according to 3GPP Technical Specification38.331 (NR, Radio Resource Control (RRC), Protocol specification) onlyconsiders the measurement delta between LTE and NR serving cells. Seethe embodiment of FIG. 8A, which may be useful, e.g., when the UE isexecuting applications that communicate in bursts of data such as amessaging service, or when using an application that requires less thanX MBPS of data rate. The value X may be empirically or analyticallyderived value. (MBPS is an acronym for Megabits per second.)

At 810, the UE may transition from LTE RRC idle state to connectedstate, e.g., for an application executing on the UE device.

At 812, the LTE eNB may send a configuration message directing the UE toconfigure for NR cell measurement and reporting according to a B1 event.

At 814, the UE may determine whether a burst oriented application (or anapplication that is known or has been measured to have a data rate ofless than X) has started. If so, the UE may proceed to 818. If not, theUE may proceed with attaching to the NR gNB using normal operation,i.e., operation according to existing 5G NR specifications, as shown at816.

At 818, the UE may measure the B1-configured NR cell using one antennaelement (or fewer antenna elements) of the UE.

At 820, the UE may determine if the B1 event criteria is satisfied withone antenna element and with SNR greater than Z dB. (Z denotes the SNRthreshold for the B1 event. SNR is an acronym for signal to noiseratio.) If so, the UE may proceed to 824. If not, the UE may disabletransmission of a B1 measurement report relating to the measured cell,as indicated at 822.

At 824, the UE may proceed with attaching to the NR gNB with one antennaelement.

At 826, the UE may determine if the application data rate R_(Y) for thelast Y seconds, or the predicted application data rate R_(P), or acombination thereof, is greater than a data rate threshold X. (Forexample, the minimum of R_(Y) and R_(P) may be required to be greaterthan X.) If so, the UE may proceed with NR data transmission and/orreception according to normal operation, i.e., operation according toexisting 5G NR technical specifications, as shown at 828. If not, the UEmay proceed to 830.

At 830, the UE may transmit to the network (e.g., to the eNB or to thegNB) information that will result in deactivation of the NR branch. Forexample, the UE may initiate NR radio link failure (RLF). As analternative, the UE may send CQI 0. As another alternative, the UE mayindicate beam failure on the measured NR cell.

In some embodiments, when long DRX (Discontinuous Reception Cycle) onthe LTE branch is activated and there is no scheduling on the NR branch,UE may disable narrow beams on NR Frequency Range 2 (FR2) by reducingthe number of active antenna elements, to save unnecessary powerconsumption on the NR branch before getting deactivated by network (NW).The reduction in active element number also helps to reduce the beammanager effort due to fewer beams available. UE may also attempt to sendCQI 0, or beam failure report, or Radio Link Failure (RLF) report on NRbranch back to gNB in an attempt to stop the NR branch. (CQI is anacronym for Channel Quality Indicator. RLF is an acronym for Radio LinkFailure.)

In some embodiments, the UE may be configured to perform the method ofFIG. 8B.

At 850, an NR cell may be added to the UE using a B1 event report.

At 852, the UE may measure the NR cell for both Synchronization SignalBlock Resource Index (SSB RI) and Channel State Information—ResourceIndex (CSI RI), and reports the measurement to the network, e.g.,continuously or periodically.

At 854, the UE may determine if the LTE branch is configured for a shortDRX state and there is no data (or too little data) activity on the NRbranch. If not, at 856, the UE may use normal operation, i.e., operationaccording to existing 5G NR specifications, to communicate with the NRbranch. If so, the UE proceeds to 858.

At 858, the UE may reduce the UE beam to a wider beam (e.g., 4 elementsto 2 elements).

At 860, the UE may determine if the LTE branch is in a long DRX state(as opposed to a short DRX state) and the NR branch has no (or notsufficiently large) data flow. If not, the UE perform normal operations,i.e., operation according to existing 5G NR specification, tocommunicate with the NR branch. If so, the UE may proceed to 864.

At 864, the UE may reduce the UE beam to an even wider beam (e.g., 2elements to 1 element). The UE may then return to 854.

In some embodiments, if the LTE MCG link is in the short DRX or longDRX, it may be understood that the UE device is attempting to releasethe bearers and no data is actively flowing.

UE Initiated NR Branch Disconnection/Suspension/Reconfiguration

In some embodiments, to improve the power efficiency for NSA(Non-Standalone), in addition to tweaking the event B1 report at UE,e.g., when adding/activating NR, the capability of UE to initiate NRbranch disconnection/suspension may also be required or desired.

In some embodiments, for better UE power efficiency, UE may be able torequest that NR branch to be shut down. If UE is seeing low uplink dataand expecting low/none downlink data based on application data flow, UEmay send a request through RRC (Radio Resource Control) or MAC-CE(Medium Access Control—Control Element) to shut down the NR branch inNSA/EN-DC. Such a request can be based on whether the (uplink and/ordownlink) scheduling rate is less than a certain threshold, where thetraffic threshold is determined based on UE power.

Purely relying on buffer status report might not be sufficient since itcannot reflect the data flow in the application layer.

The following are methods to resume (re-activate) the NR branch,according to some embodiments.

A. When uplink data increases, UE may simply perform random access(RACH) on the same NR cell and/or send event B1 again.

B. If MCG (Master Cell Group) is observing DL data coming to UE, it cansend RRC reconfiguration with event B1 report again, probably with lowerthreshold so that it can see UE's measurement on NR, and further decideto activate NR immediately or not. The NW may directly activate SCG(Secondary Cell Group) for data transmission from Master Cell Group(MCG).

C. If LTE branch goes into RRC idle state or changes the serving cell,the whole procedure may start as usual, i.e., based on UE event B1report to add NR.

UE Initiates Deactivation or Suspension of the New Radio Branch

Based on UE's expected data amount and/or traffic rate depending onapplication data flow, UE can send a request to deactivate/suspend NRbranch/SCG. In SCG deactivated state, all SCG SCells are deactivatedstate while SCG Primary Cell (PCell) may perform one or more of thefollowing: keep on performing measurement/beam tracking but with longcycle; perform no PDSCH/PUSCH transmission; optionally keep performingCQI/SRS report with long cycle; optionally monitor PDCCH and RLMmeasurement. (PDSCH is an acronym for Physical Downlink Shared Channel.PUSCH is an acronym for Physical Uplink Shared Channel. SRS is anacronym for sounding reference signal.) When SCG is activated, only SCGPCell is activated, while SCG SCells remain in deactivated state.Deactivation and/or activation of SCG may be done in an explicit way(e.g., NW explicit activation/deactivation command), or an implicit way(e.g., timing or timer based), or an autonomous way based onpre-configured conditions (e.g., data amount/traffic rate threshold).

Methods to wake up the NR branch may include the following.

A. For MO wakeup, UE may simply RACH/SR on the same NR cell. (MO is anacronym for Mobile Originated.)

B. MT wakeup may be done through LTE/MCG in NSA/EN-DC setup. NW mayindicate UE to wakeup NR-branch/SCG via LTE branch or MCG. UE mayactivate SCG directly, and enter DRX-on state on SCG PCell. (MT is anacronym for Mobile Terminated.)

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of SCG deactivation and reactivation via amaster node (MN) 902, according to some embodiments.

A UE 902 is configured for dual connectivity with the MN and a secondarynode (SN) 906, as shown at 908. The UE engages in data transmission 910(uplink and/or downlink) with MN. (The MN may forward data targeted forthe UE to the SN, as shown at 912.) The UE may also engage in datatransmission 914 (uplink and/or downlink) with the SN.

As shown at 916, the decision whether to deactivate the secondary cellgroup (SCG) may be performed at the MN 902, and may be based on a dataamount comparison or a comparison of expected traffic rate, e.g.,depending on App type. For example, the MN may deactivate the SCG if thedata amount is less than a first threshold (or, if the traffic rate isless than a second threshold). (The term “data amount” refers to anamount of data that has been or will be transferred between the UE andSN. Similarly, the term “traffic rate” refers to the rate of trafficthat has been or will be transferred between the UE and SN.) If theabove condition is satisfied, the MN may send an SCG deactivate command918 to the SN 906, and send an SCG deactivate command 920 to the UE.

In response to receiving the deactivate command 918, the SN 906 maydeactivate the context of the UE at the SN.

In response to receiving the deactivate command 920, the UE may enterthe SCG deactivated state 924, wherein UE activity relative to thesecondary cells of the secondary cell group (SCG) hosted by the SN isterminated while activity relating to the primary cell of the SCG isallowed to persist, as suggested by the dashed arrow 930. (In someembodiments, the activity of the primary cell may be reduced, to furtherconserve power.) Data transmissions with respect to MN may continuewithout interruption, e.g., as illustrated by data transmissions 926 and928.

In some embodiments, in the deactivated state, UE is not required toperform the following operations on the primary cell (PCell) of the SCG:monitor Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH); transmit SRS or CSIreport; perform RLM; transmit scheduling request (SR); or perform randomaccess (RACH). (CSI is an acronym for channel state information. RLM isan acronym for Radio Link Monitoring.)

In response to determining that uplink data is available fortransmission to the SN (e.g., if SCG DRB data available), the UE maytransmit an SCG activation request 932 to MN. The request may includethe available data amount for transmission to the SCG. (DRB is anacronym for Data Radio Bearer.)

In response to receiving the SCG activation request, the MN maydetermine if the data amount is greater than the first threshold (or, ifthe traffic rate is greater than the second threshold). If so, the MNmay send an SCG activation message 936 to the SN and send an SCGactivation message 938 to the UE.

In response to receiving the SCG activation message 940, the UE mayenter an SCG activated state 940, wherein activity (e.g., basebandprocessing activity and RF activity) relative to secondary cells of theSCG is restored or enabled, as suggested by the data transmission 946.Data transmission 946 may include transmissions on the primary cell andone or more secondary cells of the SCG. The dotted arrow 944 impliesthat data targeted for the UE may be forwarded from the MN to the SN.(Data transmission 942 is an example of data transmission with respectto the MN in the SCG activated state.)

FIG. 10 illustrates a method of SCG deactivation and reactivation via asecondary node (SN) 1006, according to some embodiments. A UE 1004 maybe configured in a dual connectivity (DC) mode with a master node (MN)1002 and a secondary node (SN) 1006, as shown at 1008. The UE engages indata transmission 1010 (uplink and/or downlink) with MN. Furthermore,the MN may forward data targeted for the UE to the SN, as shown at 1012.

The SN may also engage in data transmission 1014 with the UE.

As shown at 1016, the decision whether to deactivate the secondary cellgroup (SCG) may be performed at the MN, and may be based on a dataamount comparison or a comparison of expected traffic rate, e.g.,depending on App type. For example, the MN may deactivate the SCG if thedata amount is less than a first threshold (or, if the traffic rate isless than a second threshold). (The data amount may be a DL data amountor an UL data amount. DL data amount may be based on the data amountstored in a DL buffer for the UE. The UL data amount may be based on UEreported BSR. BSR stands for Buffer Status Report.) If the abovecondition is satisfied, the MN may send an SCG deactivate command 1018to the SN. In response to receiving the deactivate command 1018, the SNmay an SCG deactivate command 1020 to the UE.

In response to receiving the SCG deactivate command 1020, the UE mayenter the SCG deactivated state 1022. In the SCG deactivated state 1022,secondary cells of the secondary node may be deactivated. Furthermore,in the SCG deactivated state, the UE is not required to perform thefollowing operations with respect to the primary cell (PCell) of theSCG: transmit sounding reference signals (SRSs); transmit channel stateinformation (CSI) reports, perform radio link monitoring (RLM).

As shown at 1030, the MN may determine if a current data amount isgreater than the first threshold (or, if traffic rate is greater thanthe second threshold). If this condition is satisfied, the MN mayreactivate the SCG branch for the UE by paging the UE. The dotted line1032 represents the possibility of forwarding data from MN to SN.

If the UE determines that UL data is available for transmission to theSN (e.g., if SCG DRB data available), the UE may assert a schedulingrequest (SR) to the SN by initiating a random access procedure (RACH)with respect to the SN, as suggested at 1034, and report (to the SN) theamount of the UL data as part of a buffer status report (BSR). Inresponse to receiving the scheduling request, the SN may send an SCGactivation command 1036 to the UE. In response to receiving the SCGactivation command, the UE may enter the SCG activated state 1038,wherein activity of the secondary cells of the SCG is restored (orenabled).

In the SCG activated state 1038, data transmission 1044 with the primaryand one or more secondary cells of the SCG may be performed. The dottedline 1042 represents the possibility of forwarding data from MN to SNwhen the SN-to-UE link is reactivated by MN, i.e., forwarding datatargeted for the UE. (Data transmission 1040 is an example of datatransmission with respect to the MN during the SCG activated state.)

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of implicit deactivation of a secondarycell group (SCG) using a timer based on scheduling activity, accordingto some embodiments. The UE 1104 may be configured for a mode of dualconnectivity (DC) with a master node MN 1102 and a secondary node SN1106, as indicated at 1108. When the dual connectivity mode isinitiated, the UE may enter an SCG activated state 1110.

In the SCG activated state 1110, the UE may engage in data transmissionssuch as data transmission 1112 with respect to the MN as well as datatransmissions such as data transmission 1116 with respect to the SN.Data transmission 1116 may include transmission with respect to aprimary cell of the SCG as well as transmission with respect to one ormore secondary cells of the SCG. (The SCG is associated with the SN.)

In some embodiments, the MN may forward data 1114 intended for the UE tothe SN. Thus, data transmission 1116 may include this forwarded data.

In the SCG activated state 1110, the UE may start (or restart) a timer,in response to receiving scheduling information (e.g., downlinkscheduling information or uplink grant) from the SCG. (The starting ofthe timer is indicated by marker A.) The scheduling informationspecifies uplink resources granted to the UE for uplink transmission, ordownlink resources that will carry downlink data for the UE. In the caseillustrated, the scheduling information is received as part of datatransmission 1116, and thus, the start of the timer coincides (at leastapproximately) to the time of reception of the data transmission 1116.While the timer is running, the UE may engage in data transmissions suchas 1118 and 1120 with the MN.

The UE may enter the SCG deactivated state 1122 in response toexpiration of the timer. (The expiration of the timer is indicated bymarker B.) In the SCG deactivated state, the UE may deactivate (e.g.,terminate activity with respect to) secondary cells of the SCG, and mayreduce activity on the primary cell of the SCG, e.g., as variouslydescribed above. Communication with the SN in the deactivated state isindicated at 1122.

In some embodiments, the SN may similarly start (or restart) a timer inresponse to the transmission of scheduling information to the UE. Forexample, in response the transmission of scheduling information as partof data transmission 1116, the SN may start the timer, as indicated bymarker A′. When the timer expires, as indicated by marker B′, the SN maydeactivate secondary cells of the SCG with respect to the UE, and signalthe deactivated state of the SN to the MN, as indicated at 1124.

The initial value of the UE's timer and the initial value of the SN'stimer may be configured to be equal, e.g., so that both timers willexpire simultaneously (or approximately simultaneously).

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of implicit deactivation of a secondarycell group (SCG) using a timer based on data amount, according to someembodiments. As indicated at 1208, a user equipment UE 1204 may beconfigured in a mode of dual connectivity with a master node MN 1202 anda secondary node 1206. In response to initiation of the dualconnectivity mode, the UE may enter an SCG activated state 1210. Whilein the SCG activated state, the UE may engage in (e.g., receive and/ortransmit) data transmissions with respect the SN (such as datatransmission 1216) as well as data transmissions with respect to the MN(such as data transmissions 1212, 1218 and 1220).

In some embodiments, the SN may forward data intended for the UE to theSN, as shown at 1214. Thus, data transmission 1216 may include suchforwarded data.

In response to determining that a data amount is less than an amountthreshold (or, that a traffic rate is less than a traffic threshold),the UE may start an SCG deactivation timer. The data amount may be anamount of data received in a downlink transmission from the SG, or anamount of uplink data to be transmitted by the UE to the SN. In the caseillustrated, the data amount is an amount of data related to the datatransmission 1216, and thus, the start of the timer coincides (at leastapproximately) with the time of the data transmission 1216, as indicatedby marker A.

If, while the timer is running, a subsequent data amount is greater thanor equal to the amount threshold (or, the traffic rate changes to avalue greater than or equal to the traffic threshold), the UE may stopthe timer. (The subsequent data amount may be an amount of downlink dataor an amount of uplink data.) If, while the timer is stopped, the dataamount again becomes less than the amount threshold (or, the trafficrate again becomes less than the traffic threshold), the UE may restartthe timer.

In response to expiration of the timer, the UE may enter the SCGdeactivated state 1222, and inform the network (NW) that the deactivatedstate has been entered. In the SCG deactivated state 1222, the UE maydeactivate (e.g., terminate activity with respect to) secondary cells ofthe SN and reduce activity with respect to the primary cell of the SN,e.g., as variously described above.

In one embodiment, the UE may inform the network by sending an SCGdeactivation message 1224 to the MN. In response to receiving the SCGdeactivation message 1224, the MN may send an SCG deactivation message1226 to the SN. In response to receiving the SCG deactivation message1226, the SN may deactivate the SCG secondary cells with respect to theUE.

In another embodiment, the UE may inform the network by sending an SCGdeactivation message (now shown) directly to the SN.

In some embodiments, the SN may also maintain a timer, similarly basedon data amount (or traffic rate) to and/or from the UE. (In theseembodiments, the UE may not need to inform the network when it isentering the SCG deactivated state 1222 since the SN may already know,based on the expiration of the SN-implemented timer.) In response todetermining that a data amount associated with the UE is less than anamount threshold (or, that a traffic rate associated with the UE is lessthan a traffic threshold), the SN may start a timer. The data amount maybe an amount of data received in an uplink transmission from the UE, oran amount of downlink data to be transmitted by the SN to the UE. In thecase illustrated, the data amount is an amount of data related to thedata transmission 1216, and thus, the start of the timer coincides (atleast approximately) with the time of the data transmission 1216, asindicated by marker A′. When the timer expires, as indicated by markerB′, the SN may deactivate SCG secondary cells with respect to the UE.

Dashed arrow 1128 indicates a state of data communication between the UEand SN after the SN has deactivated the SCG secondary cells.

In some embodiments, instead of entering the SCG deactivated state 1222immediately in response to determination that the data amount criterion(or the traffic rate criterion) has been satisfied, the UE may send arequest for SCG activation to the network (e.g., to the MN or the SN),and wait for an acknowledge message from network. In these embodiments,the UE enters the SCG deactivated state 1222 in response to receivingthe acknowledgement message.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of implicit activation of the secondarycell group (SCG) based on SCG uplink (UL) data arrival, according tosome embodiments. The user equipment UE 1304 may be configured in a modeof dual connectivity (DC) with a master node MN 1302 and a secondarynode SN 1306, as indicated at 1308. The UE may enter an SCG deactivatedstate 1316, e.g., in response one or more conditions as variouslydescribed above.

In the SCG deactivated state 1316, secondary cells of the SCG aredeactivated. On the SCG primary cell (PCell), the UE may performdiscontinuous reception (DRX) with a longer DRX cycle value than in anSCG activated state, and based on that longer DRX cycle value, monitor aPhysical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) of the PCell, transmitsounding reference signals (SRSs) on the PCell, transmit channel stateinformation (CSI) reports on the PCell, and perform radio linkmonitoring (RLM) with respect to the PCell. The DRX configuration in theSCG deactivated state can be different from the DRX configuration in theSCG activated state.

In the SCG deactivated state 1316, the UE may engage in (e.g., receiveand/or transmit) data transmissions such as data transmissions 1318,1320 and 1322 with respect to the MN and data transmissions such as datatransmission 1314 with respect to the SN.

In response to determining that uplink data is available fortransmission to the SCG, the UE may trigger reporting of buffer statusreport (BSR), e.g., by initiating a random access procedure (RACH) andasserting a scheduling request (SR) as part of the random accessprocedure. In response to initiating RACH and asserting the schedulingrequest, the UE may enter the SCG activated state 1324.

In response to receiving the scheduling request SR from UE, the network(e.g., the SN) may enter the SCG activated state 1328 and scheduleuplink resources for the UE on the SCG.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example of implicit activation of a secondarycell group (SCG) based on a threshold, according to some embodiments.The user equipment UE 1404 may be configured in a mode of dualconnectivity (DC) with a master node MN 1402 and a secondary node SN1406, as indicated at 1408. The UE may enter an SCG deactivated state1410, e.g., in response one or more conditions as variously describedabove.

In the SCG deactivated state 1410, secondary cells of the SCG aredeactivated. On the SCG primary cell (PCell), the UE may performdiscontinuous reception (DRX) with a longer DRX cycle value than in anSCG activated state, and based on that longer DRX cycle value, monitor aPhysical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) of the PCell, transmitsounding reference signals (SRSs) on the PCell, transmit channel stateinformation (CSI) reports on the PCell, and perform radio linkmonitoring (RLM) with respect to the PCell. The DRX configuration in theSCG deactivated state can be different from the DRX configuration in theSCG activated state.

In the SCG deactivated state 1410, the UE may engage in (e.g., transmitand/or receive) data transmissions such as data transmissions 1414, 1416and 1418 with respect to the MN and data transmissions such as datatransmission 1412 with respect to the SN.

If, in the SCG deactivated state, the UE determines that an amount ofuplink data available for transmission to the SN is greater than anamount threshold, the UE may activate the SCG directly, e.g., bytransmitting a scheduling request to the SN. In response to receiving agrant of uplink resources from the SN, the UE may transmit (or starttransmitting) the uplink data to the SN. The scheduling request anduplink data transmission as indicated at 1422.

As shown at 1420, in response to receiving the scheduling request fromUE, the network (e.g., the SN) may enter an SCG activated state 1424. Inthe SCG activated state 1424, the SN may activate the SCG, and scheduleuplink resources for the UE on the SCG.

In some embodiments, a method 1500 for operating wireless user equipment(UE) device may include the operation shown in FIG. 15 . (The method1500 may also include any subset of the elements, embodiments andfeatures described above in connection with FIGS. 1-14 .) The wirelessUE device may be configured as variously described above, e.g., asdescribed in connection with user equipment 600 of FIG. 6 . The method1500 may be performed by a processing element of the UE device.

As shown at 1510, while the wireless UE device is in a state of dualconnectivity to a master node and a secondary node, the processingelement may enter a mode wherein activity of the UE device with respectto the secondary node is reduced relative to activity with respect to aprimary cell of the secondary node. (The term “activity” includes withinits scope of meaning baseband processing activity and radio activity ofthe UE device.) The master node may correspond to a first radio accesstechnology; and the secondary node may correspond to a second radioaccess technology different from the first radio access technology.

By reducing activity with respect to the secondary node, the UE devicemay conserve battery power when traffic rate to and/or from thesecondary node is low. The method 1500 may be especially useful when UEdevice has been configured for carrier aggregation on the secondary nodebut traffic rate with respect to the secondary node is low.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, activity of the UE devicerelative to secondary cells of the secondary node may be terminated.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the processing element mayperform

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the processing element mayperform periodic cell measurement and reporting relative to the primarycell of the secondary node, but with a longer cycle than prior toentering said mode. Cell measurements may include measurements such assignal strength or signal quality or signal to interference-and-noiseratio (SINR), etc.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the processing element mayperform periodic beam tracking relative to the primary cell of thesecondary node, but with longer cycle than prior to entering said mode;

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the processing element mayperform periodic reporting of information regarding channel quality(e.g., CQI) relative to the primary cell of the secondary node, but withlonger cycle than prior to entering said mode;

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the processing element mayperform periodic transmissions of sounding reference signals (SRSs) tothe primary cell of the secondary node, but with longer cycle than priorto entering said mode.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the processing element mayterminate monitoring of a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) ofthe primary cell of the secondary node.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the processing element mayterminate monitoring of a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) ofthe primary cell of the secondary node.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the processing element maydisable transmission on a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)associated with the secondary node. For example, the processing elementmay disable uplink transmission on the PUSCH of a primary componentcarrier relative to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, upon entering said mode, the processing element mayterminate measurements related to radio link monitoring (RLM) withrespect to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, said mode is entered in response to a command fromthe master node or the secondary node. The command may be received inany of various ways, e.g., as part of a Radio Resource Control (RRC)message, or as part of a Medium Access Control-Control Element (MAC-CE),or as part of downlink control information (DCI).

In some embodiments, the processing element may start an inactivitytimer in response to receiving uplink and/or downlink scheduling withrespect to the secondary node. In response to receiving additionaluplink and/or downlink scheduling with respect to the secondary nodewhile the inactivity timer is running, the processing element mayrestart the inactivity timer. The processing element may enter said modein response to expiration of the inactivity timer.

In some embodiments, the processing element may start a timer inresponse to determining that a traffic rate relating to datacommunication with the secondary node is less than a threshold. (Thedata communication may be uplink or downlink communication.) In responseto determining that a subsequent traffic rate relating to datacommunication with the secondary node is greater than the threshold, theprocessing element may stop the timer. The processing element may entersaid mode in response to expiration of the timer.

In some embodiments, the processing element may start a timer inresponse to determining that a first data amount relating to datacommunication with the secondary node is less than a threshold. Inresponse to determining that a subsequent data amount relating to datacommunication with the secondary node is greater than the threshold, theprocessing element may stop the timer. The processing element may entersaid mode in response to expiration of the timer.

In some embodiments, after having entered said mode, the processingelement may transmit a scheduling request to the secondary node inresponse to determining that an amount of data to be transmitted to thesecondary node is greater than a threshold.

In some embodiments, the master node is an eNB conforming to 3GPP LongTerm Evolution (LTE) specifications, wherein the secondary node is a gNBconforming to 5G New Radio (NR) specifications.

In some embodiments, the UE may be configured to request deactivation ordeconfiguration of subcarriers if the NR branch is in CarrierAggregation (CA) setup. When the scheduling rate is low on the NRbranch, the UE may request the gNB to deactivate (or deconfigure)secondary component carriers (SCCs). (Monitoring SCCs that areconfigured but not activated costs more effort than LTE due tobeamforming.) Either DCI or MAC-CE can be used to instruct the UE todeactivate or even de-configure SCCs. This applies to bothNon-Standalone (NSA) mode and Standalone (SA) mode NR users.

Analysis of Traffic Threshold for Mode Selection

For any UE, traffic can be communicated through the NR branch or LTEbranch, and the amount of battery energy consumption may be thedistinguishing factor on which branch to select. It is useful todetermine the energy consumption on each of NR and LTE for deliveringthe same application traffic. LTE may be preferred if it takes lessenergy than NR, when each is required to transmit the data load L withinT seconds. See the analytical derivation given in FIG. 16 , wherein Prepresents power, t represents time in one connected DRX cycle, Trepresents total time, and R represents throughput, N represent numberof connected mode DRX cycles. Subscripts T, P, O, SSB and BMrespectively denote traffic, PDCCH monitoring, off, synchronizationsignal block and beam management. RSSB is the Synchronization SignalBlock (SSB) duration used for beam management averaged in a 20 ms cycle(could be different based on UE mobility). The threshold 1600 on theright hand side of the last inequality of FIG. 16 is based on powerconsumption, throughput performance and UE behavior (BM). It may alsochange based on RF condition. LTE is more energy efficient than NR, andthus preferred, if the application layer traffic rate is less than thethreshold. (In this case, the UE may advantageously request deactivationof the LTE branch, e.g., using any of the various mechanisms disclosedherein.) Transmission of data through active NR branch is preferred ifapplication layer traffic rate is higher than the threshold.

New Radio Branch Deactivation Based on Feedback from User Equipment

As shown earlier, the traffic rate that UE is expecting determines thepreference of data transmission between LTE and NR branch. As analternative to the UE-initiated approaches described above, theinitiative can also be taken at NW side, e.g., based on UE feedback ontraffic rate.

In some embodiments, UE may send back the power efficiency optimaltraffic threshold back to MCG periodically for it to determine the NRbranch (de)-activation for the UE together with other factors (e.g., NWload). The periodic feedback of the power optimal traffic threshold maybe based on one or more of: UE's window observation of the UE'smobility, RF condition, LTE and NR configuration, etc.

In some embodiments, a method 1700 for operating a wireless userequipment (UE) device may be performed as shown in FIG. 17 (which is onthe same drawing sheet as FIG. 15 ). (The method 1700 may also includeany subset of the elements, embodiments and features described above inconnection with FIGS. 1-16 .) The wireless UE device may be configuredas variously described above, e.g., as described in connection with userequipment 600 of FIG. 6 . The method 1700 may be performed by aprocessing element of the wireless UE device.

As shown at 1710, while the wireless UE device is in a state of dualconnectivity to a master node and a secondary node, the processingelement may perform operations 1715 and 1720. The master node maycorrespond to a first radio access technology; and the secondary nodemay correspond to a second radio access technology different from thefirst radio access technology.

At 1715, the processing element may transmit a traffic threshold,wherein the traffic threshold represents a boundary between (a) trafficrates sufficiently small so that reduction in activity relative to thesecondary node is recommended and (b) traffic rates sufficiently largeso that reduction in activity relative to the secondary node is notrecommended.

At 1720, the processing element may receive a message directing the UEdevice to enter of mode of reduced activity relative to the secondarynode from the master node or the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the traffic threshold may be transmitted to themaster node. In an alternative embodiment, the traffic threshold may betransmitted to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the processing element may be enter into said modeof reduced activity relative to the secondary node in response toreceiving the above described message.

In some embodiments, the traffic threshold may be determined (e.g.,calculated by the processing element) based on one or more factors. Forexample, the one or more factors may include measurement of mobility ofthe wireless UE device. As another example, the one or more factors mayinclude measurement of condition of RF channel relative to the secondarynode. As another example, the one or more factors may include aconfiguration of the UE device with respect to a radio access technology(RAT) corresponding to the master node. As another example, the one ormore factors may include a configuration of the UE device with respectto a radio access technology (RAT) corresponding to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the threshold may be computed as described above inconnection with the analysis of FIG. 16 .

In some embodiments, the master node is an eNB conforming to 3GPP LongTerm Evolution (LTE) specifications, wherein the secondary node is a gNBconforming to 5G New Radio (NR) specifications.

In some embodiments, while NR branch is active, gNB may configure UE toreport an event when the expected UE traffic in the (NW configured)future time T is less than a certain threshold R, where R can be afunction of UE's own power optimal threshold R_(opt) and a gNBconfigured parameter R_(Nw), e.g., R=min(R_(opt), R_(NW)), wheremin(*,*) is the minimum operator. In other words, the NW may be notifiedby UE using this event report when the expected traffic is lower thanthe threshold, and thus, could cause UE power inefficiency. Master CellGroup (MCG) may then consider whether to de-activate the NR branch forthis UE.

In some embodiments, a method 1800 for operating a wireless userequipment (UE) device may performed as shown in FIG. 18 (which is on thesame drawing sheet as FIG. 15 ). (The method 1800 may also include anysubset of the elements, embodiments and features described above inconnection with FIGS. 1-17 .) The wireless UE device may be configuredas variously described above, e.g., as described in connection with userequipment 600 of FIG. 6 . The method 1800 may be performed by aprocessing element of the wireless UE device.

As shown at 1810, while the wireless UE device is in a state of dualconnectivity to a master node and a secondary node, the processingelement may perform operations 1815 and 1820. The master node maycorrespond to a first radio access technology; and the secondary nodemay correspond to a second radio access technology different from thefirst radio access technology.

At 1815, the processing element may transmit an event report to themaster node or the secondary node, wherein the event report indicatesthat uplink traffic from the UE device to the secondary node is expectedto be less than a traffic threshold.

At 1820, the processing element may receive a command from the masternode or the secondary node, wherein the command directs the UE device toreduce activity relative to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the processing element may receive a message (e.g.,a configuration message) that enables the UE device to generate andtransmit the event report.

In some embodiments, the master node is an eNB conforming to 3GPP LongTerm Evolution (LTE) specifications; and the secondary node is a gNBconforming to 5G New Radio (NR) specifications.

Network Behavior

In some embodiments, the network (e.g., the gNB) may signal the UE toreduce its baseband and RF operation for power saving. UE context isstill in RAN (Radio Access Network). Thus, when UE is brought back outof power saving state, no RRC configuration or reconfiguration isneeded, similar to RRC Inactive. This is to reduce the overhead.

A number of operations may be slowed down or suspended in order to saveUE power consumption. For example, the UE may slow down or suspendmonitoring for downlink control information (DCI). As another example,the UE may slow down or suspend RRM (mobility) measurement. As anotherexample, the UE may slow down or suspend the measurement and/orreporting of CSI such as CQI, PMI and/or RI. As another example, the UEmay slow down or suspend beam management and reporting. (RRM stands forRadio Resource Management. CQI is an acronym for Channel QualityIndicator. PMI is an acronym for precoding matrix index. RI is anacronym for rank indicator.)

There are various ways to signal the slow down or suspension of saidoperation(s) to the UE, e.g., via DCI, or via MAC CE (Medium AccessControl—Control Element), or via RRC (Radio Resource Control).

Network Behavior: DCI Monitoring Reduction

In some embodiments, power may be saved by reducing the monitoring ofdownlink control information (DCI) on the NR branch. NR DCI monitoringreduction can be achieved via signaling 1910 transmitted by the NR node(i.e., the gNB), e.g., as shown in FIG. 19A. For example, the signalingmay be used to enable change of the UE BWP (Bandwidth Part), so thatthere is a sparser search space for control information within the BWP.As another example, the signaling may be used to enable change of the UEdiscontinuous reception (DRX) cycle, so that DRX wakeup occurs lessfrequently. As another example, the signaling may be used to disable DCImonitoring for fixed duration.

Alternatively, NR DCI monitoring reduction can be achieved via signaling1960 transmitted by the LTE node (i.e., the eNB), e.g., as shown in FIG.19B. The LTE node may signal the UE to suspend DCI monitoring in NR. Thewake up procedure can be based either on LTE signaling or expiration ofa timer, as suggested at 1965.

Network Behavior: RRM and Beam Management Reduction

In some embodiments, the network (e.g., the gNB) may instruct the UE torelax or slow down its RRM and beam management procedure. In differentembodiments, the signaling may come from LTE or from NR.

For Radio Resource Management (RRM) relaxation, the NW may perform oneor more of the following.

A. The network (NW) may signal the UE to perform only UE autonomous cellreselection (i.e., no measurement report or NW assisted handover) on NRcells.

B. The NW may reduce the RRM measurement requirement, especially theperiodicity, etc.

C. The NW may configure a measurement gap on the LTE branch for UE tomeasure the NR branch, i.e., a temporal gap in which the UE is notexpected to make measurements on the LTE branch. This may ensure thatonly one RF chain needs to be on, e.g., for inter-band EN-DC. Themeasurement gap is preferably sufficiently large to cover the RF tuningtime and allow the UE to capture CSI-RS for Synchronization Signal Block(SSB) on the NR branch. The measurement report may be sent on the LTEbranch. (CSI-RS is an acronym for channel state information—referencesignal.)

For beam management relaxation, the NW may perform one or more of thefollowing.

A. The NW may signal the UE to monitor only a subset of referencesignals (RSs) for beam management, e.g., only CSI-RS, only subset ofCSI-RS, only SSB etc.

B. The NW may signal the UE to suspend or reduce its beam managementreporting, especially the periodic reporting.

C. The NW may signal the UE to reduce or suspend the UL beam management,i.e., Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) transmission.

D. The NW may signal the UE to operate in signal panel only mode.

Measurement After Wakeup

In some embodiments, after the user equipment (UE) exits the powersaving mode in NR, the network (NW), e.g., the gNB, may explicitly orimplicitly instruct the UE to perform measurement reporting. Thesignaling may be realized via Downlink Control Information (DCI), or MACCE, or RRC. The signaling may be sent via either the LTE branch or theNR branch.

In some embodiments, the signaling may enable the UE to perform one ormore of the following. For example, the signaling may enable the UE toresume DCI monitoring (or make DCI monitoring more frequent) on the NRbranch. As another example, the signaling may enable the UE to resumeRRM (or make RRM measurement and reporting more frequent) on the NRbranch. As another example, the signaling may enable the UE to resumeCSI/BW measurement and reporting (or make CSI/BW measurement andreporting more frequent) on the NR branch. BW is an acronym forBandwidth.

The signaling may also request immediate UE measurement report for UE toacquire the latest information about RRM or CSI or beam condition. Theresource allocation may be performed via New Radio DCI or UE Uplink RACHor a scheduling request. (RACH is an acronym for random accessprocedure.)

As shown in FIG. 20 , baseband and RF operations of the UE with respectto the NR branch stops when the NR branch enters deep power saving, asillustrated at 2010. (Baseband and RF operations of the UE's NR branchare represented by the black rectangles. Baseband and RF operations ofthe UE's LTE branch are represented by the white rectangles.) Inresponse to the signaling 2020 from the network, UE resumes NRoperations. The UE may send an NR measurement report 2025 for RRM,Channel State Information (CSI) or Beam Management (BM) to the networkin response to the above described signaling, as suggested by the upwarddirected arrow.

FIG. 21 —Deactivation of Secondary Cells of Secondary Node

In some embodiments, a method 2100 for operating a wireless userequipment (UE) device may performed as shown in FIG. 21 . (The method2100 may also include any subset of the elements, embodiments andfeatures described above in connection with FIGS. 1-20 .) The wirelessUE device may be configured as variously described above, e.g., asdescribed in connection with user equipment 600 of FIG. 6 . The method2100 may be performed by a processing element of the wireless UE device.

As shown at 2110, while the wireless UE device is in a state of dualconnectivity to a master node and a secondary node, the processingelement may perform operations 2115 and 2120. The master node maycorrespond to a first radio access technology; and the secondary nodemay correspond to a second radio access technology different from thefirst radio access technology.

At 2115, the processing element may receive a message directing the UEdevice to reduce activity relative to the secondary node, enabling theUE to conserve power, e.g., when data transfer activity of the UErelative to the secondary node is low.

At 2120, the processing element may reduce said activity of the UEdevice relative to the secondary node in response to receiving themessage.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing said activity of the UEdevice relative to the secondary node may include reduction ofmonitoring of downlink control information (DCI) relative to thesecondary node.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing said activity of the UEdevice relative to the secondary node may include changing a bandwidthpart (BWP) associated with the UE device to reduce a search space forsaid downlink control information.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing said activity of the UEdevice relative to the secondary node may include changing adiscontinuous reception cycle (DRX) so that DRX wakeup is less frequent.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing said activity of the UEdevice relative to the secondary node may include suspending an actionof monitoring for Downlink Control Information (DCI) at least for aperiod of time.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing said activity of the UEdevice relative to the secondary node may include reduction of beammanagement operations relative to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing said activity of the UEdevice relative to the secondary node may include monitoring a subset ofreference signals for beam management with respect to the secondarynode.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing said activity of the UEdevice relative to the secondary node includes suspending or reducingreporting related to beam management with respect to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing said activity of the UEdevice relative to the secondary node may include suspending or reducinguplink beam management with respect to the secondary node.

In some embodiments, the action of reducing said activity of the UEdevice relative to the secondary node may include operating in a signalpanel only mode with respect to the secondary node.

Embodiments of the present disclosure may be realized in any of variousforms. For example, some embodiments may be realized as acomputer-implemented method, a computer-readable memory medium, or acomputer system. Other embodiments may be realized using one or morecustom-designed hardware devices such as ASICs. Still other embodimentsmay be realized using one or more programmable hardware elements such asFPGAs.

In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable memory mediummay be configured so that it stores program instructions and/or data,where the program instructions, if executed by a computer system, causethe computer system to perform a method, e.g., any of a methodembodiments described herein, or, any combination of the methodembodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the methodembodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets.

In some embodiments, a computer system may be configured to include aprocessor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium, where the memorymedium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured toread and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, wherethe program instructions are executable to implement any of the variousmethod embodiments described herein (or, any combination of the methodembodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the methodembodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets). Thecomputer system may be realized in any of various forms. For example,the computer system may be a personal computer (in any of its variousrealizations), a workstation, a computer on a card, anapplication-specific computer in a box, a server computer, a clientcomputer, a hand-held device, a user equipment (UE) device, a tabletcomputer, a wearable computer, etc.

It is well understood that the use of personally identifiableinformation should follow privacy policies and practices that aregenerally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmentalrequirements for maintaining the privacy of users. In particular,personally identifiable information data should be managed and handledso as to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use,and the nature of authorized use should be clearly indicated to users.

Although the embodiments above have been described in considerabledetail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent tothose skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated.It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace allsuch variations and modifications.

We claim:
 1. A wireless user equipment (UE) device comprising: a radiosubsystem configured to send and receive radio signals; and a processingelement coupled to the radio subsystem, wherein the processing elementis configured to: while the wireless UE device is in a state of dualconnectivity to one or more cells of a master cell group (MCG) of amaster node and one or more cells of a secondary cell group (SCG) of asecondary node, transmit, to the master node, a deactivation request tohave the SCG deactivated; receive, from the master node subsequent totransmission of the deactivation request, a deactivation indication ofthe SCG having been deactivated; perform communications with the masternode subsequent to reception of the deactivation indication; andtransmit, to the master node subsequent to performing thecommunications, an SCG activation request to have the SCG activated. 2.The wireless UE device of claim 1, wherein, upon entering said state ofdual connectivity, the processing element is further configured toperform one or more of the following: cell measurement and reportingrelative to a primary cell of the secondary cell group, with longercycle than prior to entering said state; beam tracking relative to theprimary cell of the secondary cell group, with longer cycle than priorto entering said state; reporting information regarding channel qualityrelative to the primary cell of the secondary cell group, with longercycle than prior to entering said state; performing transmissions ofsounding reference signals (SRSs) to the primary cell of the secondarycell group, with longer cycle than prior to entering said state.
 3. Thewireless UE device of claim 1, wherein, upon entering said state of dualconnectivity, the processing element is configured to perform one ormore of the following: terminate monitoring of a Physical DownlinkShared Channel (PDSCH) of a primary cell of the secondary cell group;terminate monitoring of a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) ofthe primary cell of the secondary cell group; disable transmission on aPhysical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) associated with the secondarycell group; terminate measurements related to radio link monitoring(RLM) with respect to the secondary cell group.
 4. The wireless UEdevice of claim 1, wherein said state of dual connectivity is entered inresponse to a command from the master node or the secondary node,wherein the command is received as part of a Radio Resource Control(RRC) message, or as part of a Medium Access Control (MAC) ControlElement, or as part of downlink control information (DCI).
 5. Thewireless UE device of claim 1, wherein the processing element is furtherconfigured to start an inactivity timer in response to receiving uplinkand/or downlink scheduling with respect to the secondary node, wherein,in response to receiving additional uplink and/or downlink schedulingwith respect to the secondary node while the inactivity timer isrunning, the processing element is configured to restart the inactivitytimer, wherein said state of dual connectivity is entered in response toexpiration of the inactivity timer.
 6. The wireless UE device of claim1, wherein the processing element is further configured to start a timerin response to determining that a first traffic rate relating to datacommunication with the secondary node is less than a threshold, wherein,in response to determining that a subsequent traffic rate relating todata communication with the secondary node is greater than thethreshold, the processing element is configured to stop the timer,wherein said state of dual connectivity is entered in response toexpiration of the timer.
 7. The wireless user equipment (UE) device ofclaim 1, wherein the master node corresponds to a first radio accesstechnology, wherein the secondary node corresponds to a second radioaccess technology different from the first radio access technology.
 8. Awireless user equipment (UE) device comprising: a radio subsystemconfigured to send and receive radio signals; and a processing elementcoupled to the radio subsystem, wherein, while the wireless UE device isin a state of dual connectivity to a master node and a secondary node,the processing element is configured to: transmit a traffic threshold,wherein the traffic threshold represents a boundary between (a) trafficrates sufficiently small so that reduction in activity relative to thesecondary node is recommended and (b) traffic rates sufficiently largeso that reduction in activity relative to the secondary node is notrecommended, wherein the master node corresponds to a first radio accesstechnology, wherein the secondary node corresponds to a second radioaccess technology different from the first radio access technology; andreceive a message directing the UE device to enter of mode of reducedactivity relative to the secondary node from the master node or thesecondary node.
 9. The wireless UE device of claim 8, wherein thetraffic threshold is transmitted to the master node.
 10. The wireless UEdevice of claim 8, wherein the processing element is configured to enterinto said mode of reduced activity relative to the secondary node inresponse to receiving the message.
 11. The wireless UE device of claim8, wherein the traffic threshold is determined based on one or morefactors, wherein the one or more factors include one or more of thefollowing: mobility of the wireless UE device; condition of RF channelrelative to the secondary node; a configuration of the UE device withrespect to a radio access technology (RAT) corresponding to the masternode; a configuration of the UE device with respect to a radio accesstechnology (RAT) corresponding to the secondary node.
 12. The wirelessUE device of claim 8, wherein the master node is an eNB conforming to3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) specifications, wherein the secondarynode is a gNB conforming to 5G New Radio (NR) specifications.
 13. Awireless user equipment (UE) device comprising: a radio subsystemconfigured to send and receive radio signals; and a processing elementcoupled to the radio subsystem, wherein, while the wireless UE device isin a state of dual connectivity to a master node and a secondary node,the processing element is configured to: transmit an event report to themaster node or the secondary node, wherein the event report indicatesthat uplink traffic from the UE device to the secondary node is expectedto be less than a traffic threshold, wherein the master node correspondsto a first radio access technology, wherein the secondary nodecorresponds to a second radio access technology different from the firstradio access technology; and receive a command from the master node orthe secondary node, wherein the command directs the UE device to reduceactivity relative to the secondary node.
 14. The wireless UE device ofclaim 13, wherein the processing element is configured to receive amessage that enables the UE device to generate and transmit the eventreport.
 15. The wireless UE device of claim 13, wherein the master nodeis an eNB conforming to 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) specifications,wherein the secondary node is a gNB conforming to 5G New Radio (NR)specifications.
 16. A non-transitory memory medium storing programinstructions, wherein the program instructions, when executed by aprocessing element, cause a user equipment (UE) device to performoperations comprising: while the wireless UE device is in a state ofdual connectivity to one or more cells of a master cell group (MCG) of amaster node and one or more cells of a secondary cell group (SCG) of asecondary node, transmitting, to the master node, a deactivation requestto have the SCG deactivated; receiving, from the master node subsequentto transmitting the deactivation request, a deactivation indication ofthe SCG having been deactivated; performing communications with themaster node subsequent to receiving the deactivation indication; andtransmitting, to the master node subsequent to performing thecommunications, an SCG activation request, to have the SCG activated.17. The non-transitory memory medium of claim 16, wherein the operationsfurther comprise, upon entering said state of dual connectivity,performing one or more of the following: cell measurement and reportingrelative to a primary cell of the secondary cell group, with longercycle than prior to entering said state; beam tracking relative to theprimary cell of the secondary cell group, with longer cycle than priorto entering said state; reporting information regarding channel qualityrelative to the primary cell of the secondary cell group, with longercycle than prior to entering said state; performing transmissions ofsounding reference signals (SRSs) to the primary cell of the secondarycell group, with longer cycle than prior to entering said state.
 18. Thenon-transitory memory medium of claim 16, wherein the master nodecorresponds to a first radio access technology, wherein the secondarynode corresponds to a second radio access technology different from thefirst radio access technology.
 19. The non-transitory memory medium ofclaim 16, wherein said state of dual connectivity is entered in responseto a command from the master node or the secondary node, wherein thecommand is received as part of a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message,or as part of a Medium Access Control (MAC) Control Element, or as partof downlink control information (DCI).
 20. The non-transitory memorymedium of claim 16, wherein the operations further comprise: starting aninactivity timer in response to receiving uplink and/or downlinkscheduling with respect to the secondary node, restarting the inactivitytimer in response to receiving additional uplink and/or downlinkscheduling with respect to the secondary node while the inactivity timeris running, wherein said state of dual connectivity is entered inresponse to expiration of the inactivity timer.